Who Colaborate Withsupported the Goverment in the Fight Agains Communism

Here's a newspaper by the Japanese writer of the book discussed in yesterday's postal service–Han Meng < han_meng@hotmail.com>

ENDO Homare, Director, Centre of International Relations, Tokyo University of Social Welfare, Professor Emeritus, University of Tsukuba

On one October 1949, Mao Zedong declared the cosmos of the People's Republic of Cathay (People's republic of china). The achievement of Mao Zedong as founding father of the PRC is, indeed, groovy. If nosotros focus attention on this achievement lonely, Mao Zedong can be described equally "a man of slap-up stature" who deserves to be respected.

It should be noted, however, that the Mainland china is a state that was ultimately created through victory in the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang (KMT) forces led by Chiang Kai-shek and forces loyal to the Communist Party of Communist china (CPC) and is not by whatever means a state created by defeating the Japanese Regular army in the Sino-Japanese War.

The proof of this is that Japan appear defeat on 15 August 1945, merely it was 1 October 1949 that the PRC was founded. During this iv-year catamenia, the KMT and the CPC waged a fierce civil war. Accordingly, the Mainland china'due south merits that the PRC is a land created by defeating the invading Japanese army is factually incorrect. Besides, the myth that CPC forces fought valiantly with the Japanese army during the Sino-Japanese War is untrue.

On the contrary, during the Sino-Japanese War, Mao Zedong concentrated his efforts on conspiring with the Japanese army to weaken the KMT forces. He planted communist spies such as Pan Hannian in the Japanese Foreign Ministry'southward local agency Maison Iwai and sold KMT military intelligence obtained from the National Government in Chongqing through the KMT-CPC Cooperation to the Japanese at a loftier toll, creating an environs in which it was easy for the Japanese military to deal blows to the KMT forces.

And that is not all.

Mao Zedong sent Communist spies to make direct contact with the Japanese ground forces, even going every bit far as to advise a truce between the CPC forces and the Japanese ground forces.

This newspaper compares and contrasts Japanese sources, such equally Memories of Shanghai, the memoir of Iwai Eiichi, and Chinese sources to examine questions such as "what did Mao Zedong do during the Sino-Japanese War?" and "how did the CPC forces grow stronger?"

On this theme, Xie You-tian, who, after studying at the Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences, became a Visiting Beau of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University in the The states, wrote The Communist in China'southward War Against Japan (1931–1945) (Mirror Books) in 2002, explaining how the Communists grew stronger and telling the hidden truth about Communist china'south state of war confronting Japan. This book was written based on truly admirable detailed examination, but unfortunately there were no conclusive Japanese sources.

To fill in the gaps, I scraped together bear witness that corresponds to primary Japanese sources as much equally possible and corroborates the assay of Xie Y'all-tian. This resulted in the publication of my book Mao Zedong: The Homo Who Conspired with the Japanese Army (Shincho Shinsho) in November 2015. Hearing about my book, a reporter from the Uk's BBC Zhongwen (Chinese) interviewed me and uploaded an commodity to the BBC Zhongwen website equally a Christmas nowadays on Dec 25.[1] Every bit a consequence, many Chinese people outside mainland China came to know most my book. I would like to give an outline of my volume in this paper from the objective standpoint of "looking squarely at the history" of mankind.

Let u.s.a. start past examining the spy correlation diagram entitled "Conspiracy betwixt Communist Spies and the Japanese Ground forces" shown below.

The left side of the correlation diagram shows the names of leading communist spies acting on the underground orders of Mao Zedong and the command structure, and the correct side shows the names of Japanese organizations and individuals who were in contact with the Communist spies. To reiterate, the purpose of making contact was to sell military intelligence of the Chongqing National Government led past Chiang Kai-shek to the Japan side at a loftier toll, to weaken the KTM forces nether Chiang Kai-shek, making it piece of cake for Mao Zedong to take power when the Sino-Japanese War ended. There is evidence that Mao Zedong maneuvered to ensure that the Sino-Japanese War dragged on to enable the CPC forces, which were then weak they bore no comparison to the KTM forces, to grow stronger, and there is fifty-fifty evidence that Mao Zedong proposed a fractional truce between the Japanese Army and the CPC forces.

Conspiracy between Mao Zedong and local agencies of Nippon'south Ministry of Foreign Affairs

In 1939, Mao Zedong planted a Communist spy called Pan Hannian in Maison Iwai, a local agency of the Ministry building of Foreign Affairs in Shanghai to get shut to Iwai Eiichi (then Vice Consul in Shanghai). Pan Hannian was a professional spy from the CPC Central Intelligence Group's Secret Service (Spy) Partition. He had received training at Comintern headquarters in Moscow. The spy of the century Yuan Shu, known as the "5 spy," had penetrated Maison Iwai equally a Communist spy earlier on.

Pan Hannian asked Yuan Shu for a coming together with Iwai Eiichi. He subsequently continued providing military intelligence about the KMT forces to the Japanese. In return, Pan Hannian received a big fee for providing intelligence from Iwai. The amount received each month was equivalent to 5 times a policeman's annual salary at the time (2000 Hong Kong Yuan). Iwai Eiichi paid Pan Hannian from hugger-mugger funds of the Ministry building of Strange Affairs.

Nippon was at war with the National Government of the "Republic of China" led by Chiang Kai-shek, which had moved the capital to Chongqing from Nanjing. If Nihon could obtain armed services intelligence about the national government, it could plow the Sino-Japanese State of war in its favor.

Pan Hannian was privy to KMT military machine intelligence considering the 11'an Incident instigated past Zhang Xueliang in Dec 1936 had led to the Second KMT-CPC Cooperation (the KMT and the CPC cooperating in the fight against Japanese). Without the KMT-CPC cooperation, the CPC forces would have been crushed and information technology was, therefore, Comintern that ordered the CPC to form a united front with the KMT.

This was because, in the 1930s, the National Regime had conducted a huge clean-up operation to wipe out the CPC forces that planned to create a "state" called the Chinese Soviet Republic nether the orders of Comintern inside the "Republic of China." Consequently, between 1934 and 1936, Mao Zedong and his supporters fabricated a retreat called the Long March, traversing some 12,500 km on foot, while fighting with the KMT forces. On finally reaching Yan'an, the First Carmine Regular army led by Mao Zedong and his supporters had dwindled from 100,000 soldiers to several thousand soldiers (co-ordinate to Mao Zedong on Diplomacy, p.535, the army shrank from 300,000 soldiers to but over 20,000 soldiers). Since Chiang Kai-shek however had no intention of abandoning his cleanup functioning, in the Xi'an Incident, Chiang Kai-shek was arrested in order to force him to enter into a truce with the CPC and form a united front against Nippon.

However, Mao Zedong outwardly pretended to cooperate with Chiang Kai-shek and betrayed him behind his back. Since Zhou Enlai, Mao Zedong's right-hand man (after Premier of the People'due south Democracy of China), was stationed in Chongqing due to the KMT-CPC Cooperation, it was actually easy to obtain military intelligence well-nigh KMT forces.

Effectually the fourth dimension Pan Hannian was running effectually existence a spy in Shanghai, one of the offices of the CPC Clandestine Service (cloak-and-dagger organisation) was in Hong Kong. This was where Pan Hannian and other Communist spies such as Liao Chengzhi, who likewise received orders from Mao Zedong, worked and collaborated with Koizumi Seiichi (Hole-and-corner Service) from the Ministry of Strange Affairs stationed at the Consulate-Full general of Japan in Hong Kong, creating a sort of CPC-Japanese regular army collaborative intelligence agency.

Mao Zedong requested truce between the CPC forces and the Japanese Army

Having adult a gustation for conspiring with Japan'southward Ministry of Foreign Diplomacy, Mao Zedong issued a hole-and-corner society to Pan Hannian, telling him to negotiate directly with the Japanese ground forces this time.

I day, Iwai received a request from Pan Hannian, who said that "Really, nosotros would similar to request a truce between the Japanese army and the CPC forces in Northern Mainland china." This is described in Memories of Shanghai (published by Kaiso no Shanhai Publication Committee, 1983), the memoir written by Iwai Eiichi himself, as the "surprise" that left the biggest impression on Iwai.

Following Pan Hannian's request, Iwai introduced Pan Hannian to Colonel Kagesa Sadaaki (later Lieutenant General) who was Royal Japanese Army General Staff and in accuse of the "Mei Organ." Through Iwai'south mediation, Pan Hannian went to the Japanese army'southward top military advisors' residence in Nanjing, and met Colonel Kagesa, and was then introduced past Colonel Kagesa to Wang Jingwei, head of the KTM Nanjing Government, which was Nippon'due south puppet authorities. The regime of Wang Jingwei was supported behind the scenes by many Japanese soldiers acting every bit military advisors, and Pan Hannian also met with Colonel Tokou and proposed peace talks betwixt the CPC forces and the Japanese regular army.

At the time of the First KMT-CPC Cooperation (1924–1927), Mao Zedong was, in fact, well-liked past Sun Yat-sen and Wang Jingwei and was like a brother to Wang Jingwei. There was also a time when Wang Jingwei was President of the National Government and Mao Zedong worked as Director of the National Government's Propaganda Department. And so Mao Zedong brought Pan Hannian into contact with the Wang Jingwei Government which had broken with Chiang Kai-shek and established the Nanjing National Regime nether the command of the Japanese Army, and sought to conspire in various ways.

Number ii in the Wang Jingwei government was an important figure called Zhou Fohai and under him was Li Shiqun, who controlled No.76 Clandestine Service. Pan Hannian non only met with Wang Jingwei and Li Shiqun only also came into contact with Zhou Fohai, Number 2 in the Wang Jingwei government. This is mentioned in Zhou Fohai's diary and in the records of Zhou Fohai's son.

Ye Jianying (after marshal of the People's Republic of Red china; one of the founders of the Chinese People's Liberation Army) planted female writer Guan Lu in Agency No. 76 as Li Shiqun'southward secretary, and Rao Shushi (at the time, standing Deputy General Secretary of the CPC Primal Mainland china Ground forces Branch, etc.) ordered Pan Hannian and Yang Fan (and then General Secretary of the Enemy Work Department of the CPC Central Communist china Bureau) to make contact with the Japanese army every bit Communist spies. These were all Mao Zedong's secret orders, intended to plow the war confronting KTM forces in Chongqing in the favor of the CPC forces. The fight with the Japanese army was left to the KTM forces led by Chiang Kai-shek and, in the meantime, the Communist forces grew stronger. This was Mao Zedong's strategy.

Let'south drag the Sino-Japanese War out as long as possible

It would accept time for the CPC to abound stronger. Information technology was thus necessary to drag the Sino-Japanese State of war out equally long every bit possible to weaken the KMT forces and allow the CPC forces the time to grow potent plenty to beat the KTM forces. Consequently, Mao Zedong ordered Pan Hannian to prevent the Japanese military (the Purple Japanese Army Full general Staff Office and the Army Ministry of Nippon) from secretly negotiating with the Chongqing Government'south Chiang Kai-shek and trying to hold peace talks.

Pan Hannian secretly reported to Iwai Eiichi that Soong Tse-liang (younger brother of Soong Tse-ven, who was the sibling of Madame Chiang Kai-shek, Soong May-ling), who was acting as representative of the Chongqing Authorities, was a "fake." Since Iwai believed Pan Hannian implicitly, he reported this intelligence to Administrator Abe in Shanghai, and Ambassador Abe immediately conveyed this intelligence to Chief of Staff Itagaki. These events are recorded at smashing length in Memories of Shanghai. In the end, after many twists and turns, the peace efforts ended in failure.

Meanwhile, on p.384 of The State of war of Pacification in North Mainland china Vol. 1 (Asagumo Shimbunsha Inc.) edited by the Role of War History in the National Institute for Defense Studies of the Ministry of Defense Institute in 1968, there is a section on KTM-CPC relations written by the staff department of the Japanese North China Area Army dated ane Oct 1 1940, and the information contained in this section is summarized below.

The CPC'south ultimate goal is simply to overthrow the Chongqing Government and seize command of the whole of China itself. However, the CPC is still weak at present and is not stiff enough to replace the KMT and accept ability. And so the mission of the CPC forces for the time existence is to make Japan and the Chongqing Government fight each other as long equally possible and build up their ain strength in the concurrently. This is why, outwardly, they expect like they are obeying the Chongqing Government, assertive that intensifying the opposition between the KTM and CPC forces is detrimental to the expansion of their own troops, when in actual fact they are moving to preclude Japan engaging in peace talks with the Chongqing Government. Because unless the Japanese Regular army and the Chongqing Authorities keep on fighting as long equally possible, the CPC forces will not have the time they need to grow stronger.

It is interesting that this interpretation of the true country of the CPC forces past the Japanese ground forces at the time based on the activities of the Communist spies is recorded without ulterior motive.

Mao Zedong was an extraordinary strategist. As planned, he succeeded in winning the civil war between the CPC and KMT that erupted afterward Japan's defeat and drove the KMT forces led by Chiang Kai-shek to flee to Taiwan. Equally a result, Mao Zedong declared the cosmos of present-twenty-four hour period China, in other words, the People'southward Republic of China, on 1 October 1949.

Imprisonment of all the spies to silence them

In 1955, after the creation of the People's Republic of People's republic of china, Mao Zedong himself personally made the determination to round up and imprison every bit many equally 1,000 people who had engaged in espionage nether his secret orders, including Rao Shushi, Pan Hannian and Yang Fan. This was because the people who had really worked for Mao Zedong knew too much well-nigh his strategy of "conspiring with the Japanese army."

Pan Hannian, for case, was silenced equally a traitor to his country and died in prison in 1977. Although the Cultural Revolution ended with the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, Pan Hannian had been imprisoned on the personal orders of Mao Zedong and so his honour could not really be restored. Information technology was v years after his decease in 1982 that Pan Hannian'south accolade was finally restored.

Many friends of Pan Hannian then began to get together information virtually him to clear his proper name. And they all began to write that Pan Hannian had acted for the CPC on the orders of Mao Zedong. Such books include Pan Hannian the Intelligence Career (Author: Qi Yin, People'south Publishing House, 1996; "Intelligence" meaning espionage), andBiography of Pan Hannian (Writer: Qi Yin, Chinese People's Public Security University Press, 1997).

Information technology should exist noted that the plot in all the books is that both Pan Hannian and Yuan Shu engaged in espionage, drawing out information almost the Japanese army from the Japanese for the CPC forces to apply to their reward in their fight confronting the Japanese army, and led the CPC forces to victory (the CPC forces collection the Japanese army to defeat).

Still, when writing Mao Zedong: the Homo who Conspired with the Japanese Army, I showed by comparing Japanese and Chinese sources against each other that exactly the contrary was true. This was because I was able to get hold of conclusive proof in Japanese and other sources such as Memories of Shanghai. While there has previously been analysis based solely on Chinese sources, I take pride in the fact that this may exist the first attempt at an assay proving Communist espionage during the Sino-Japanese War past comparison Chinese sources against Japanese prove.

To begin with, if the role of the Communist spies was to obtain intelligence about the Japanese army and pass this to Mao Zedong and his supporters (in other words, if they made contact with Iwai Eiichi to obtain intelligence), it would obviously be strange for them to receive an enormous fee for providing intelligence from the Japanese. It doesn't add up.

And if Pan Hannian and Yuan Shu engaged in espionage to obtain intelligence about the Japanese army, there was surely no demand at all for Mao Zedong to sentence Pan Hannian and the other spies to life imprisonment equally men who knew too much.

Liao Chengzhi, Ye Jianying and Zhou Enlai were the only Communist spies not to be imprisoned. Liao Cheng-zhi spoke Japanese so well that fifty-fifty a Japanese would accept been put to shame and so he could be used as an interpreter. Subsequently, together with Takasaki Tatsunosuke, Liao Cheng-zhi was likewise involved in trade between Japan and China under the name LT Trading (using the initials of the 2 men). Ye Jianying knew how to go along secrets and Mao Zedong would too struggle if all the war machine leaders he could trust disappeared. Zhou Enlai was exceptional at getting things washed and so was essential as Mao Zedong'southward right-hand human. He was also better at keeping secrets than anyone else, of grade. Because of this, these men survived.

Why Mao Zedong was grateful to the Imperial Japanese Ground forces afterwards the creation of the PRC

Mao Zedong's strategy was ultimately to weaken the KMT forces led by his political opponent Chiang Kai-shek, in society to take ability. To this end, he joined forces with anyone, be information technology the Japanese army or Wang Jingwei's boob authorities. The whole point was for Mao Zedong to have power. He did annihilation to achieve that goal. That's all there was to it.

So, the author does not presume that Mao Zedong did something incorrect or evil. Neither does the author intend to gauge what Mao did, rather believing that Mao was a "great person" who possessed great charisma and splendid sense in all strategies including propaganda.

After the creation of the PRC, Mao Zedong frequently recruited generals from the former Royal Japanese Ground forces. The reason was that these generals did, in fact, collaborate equally military advisors, for example, Okamura Yasuji from the former Japanese Royal Ground forces (onetime general, former commander-in-master of the China Expeditionary Ground forces) established the Paidan (White Team) to realize the return to mainland China of Chiang Kai-shek who had fled to Taiwan. And then Mao Zedong tried to recruit Okamura to describe him over to his own side at any toll, merely Okamura refused. And so Endo Saburo (former Lieutenant General) was singled out. It was in 1956, the twelvemonth after Pan Hannian was imprisoned, that Mao Zedong met with Endo Saburo. Those who knew directly that Mao Zedong had conspired with the Japanese army were no longer around.

When Mao Zedong met sometime members of the Royal Japanese Army or leftwing Japanese, he said over and over again in many different ways that he was grateful to the Imperial Japanese Army (come across Mao Zedong on Diplomacy for further details).

In China, these words were interpreted in a far-fetched manner equally Mao Zedong's unique sense of humor merely it was nothing of the sort. Mao Zedong was sincerely grateful for the Royal Japanese Army'south Mainland china offensive. If the Majestic Japanese Army had not launched an offensive on China, the CPC forces would never have grown stronger and the Prc would not have been created.

It is worth noting that when Mao Zedong talked to Japanese (including former members of the Royal Japanese Regular army) who visited China, he did not utilize the give-and-take "invasion of Communist china" merely carefully selected the discussion "offensive."

Mao Zedong never once celebrated the day commemorating victory over Japan

With the cosmos of the China on ane October 1949, the Government Administration Council of the Central People's Government (at present the State Council) decided on 23 December 1949 to make August 15 a twenty-four hours for commemorating victory in the state of war confronting Nippon (Sino-Japanese War). On 13 August 1951, it was decided in writing to make September 3 a twenty-four hour period of commemoration. This was just a conclusion with no action, and Mao Zedong merely sent a congratulatory telegram to Stalin in the Soviet Union on September ii. This is because the PRC is a land created by defeating the KMT forces in the civil war between the KMT and the CPC after the Sino-Japanese War had concluded and not a state created by defeating the Japanese regular army.

Also according to The Life of Mao Zedong (Party Literature Research Middle of the CPC Central Commission), not one time in his lifetime did Mao Zedong agree any kind of event to celebrate victory in the war against Japan. This is because Mao Zedong was fully aware that the PRC is not a state that was created by defeating the Japanese Regular army. If Mao Zedong were to gloat victory over Japan twenty-four hour period this would be tantamount to praising the KMT.

Mao Zedong did not even teach Chinese schoolhouse children about the Nanjing Massacre

While Mao Zedong was live, he was loath to mention the Nanjing Incident (Nanjing Massacre) and also made no attempt to include information technology in textbooks. This is because effectually 13 December 1937 when the Nanjing Massacre occurred, the CPC forces led by Mao Zedong and his supporters had fled so deep into the mountains that they could not exist attacked past the Japanese regular army. That was the mountainous region of Yan'an in Shaanxi province. It was the KMT forces led by Chiang Kai-shek who fought on the frontline in Nanjing.

Zhang Guotao, Chairman of the Military Commission of the 4th Reddish Army, who was in Yan'an past iv April 1938, recorded in his memoir that when they first heard virtually the Lugouqiao (Lugou Span) Incident (incident that marked the start of the Sino-Japanese war) on 7 July 1937, Mao Zedong and his supporters were pleased, saying that "this would weaken the KMT forces."

Also in The Life of Mao Zedong edited past the Political party Literature Research Center of the CPC Central Committee, there are merely four Chinese characters that interpret every bit the "autumn of Nanjing" in the section for the day on which the Nanjing Incident occurred. The Life of Mao Zedong is a huge work covering Mao Zedong'south entire life, organized into ix volumes and more than than 6,000 pages in full, and yet, throughout the whole work, the words "Nanjing Massacre" exercise not announced even once. This is because it was feared that whatever mention of the Nanjing Massacre would risk exposing the fact that the CPC forces did non properly fight against the Japanese army. Appropriately, every bit long as Mao Zedong was alive, the Nanjing Massacre was basically not mentioned in whatever school text books.

Every bit explained above, equally long as we marshal our sights with the fact that Mao Zedong conspired with the Japanese regular army, the grounds for Mao Zedong's "mysterious words and deeds" all start to become articulate.

Today, China is always vehemently enervating that Japan squarely face its history, causing deterioration in Sino-Japanese relations.

Not a single Japanese believes that the war waged by Japan was a good war, the Japanese people repeatedly reflect upon the war, and the Japanese Government and government personnel have apologized almost thirty times before to the Chinese Authorities.

Nevertheless, Mainland china continues to thrust the history carte du jour at Nippon and if they exploit this for political gain, Japanese sentiment towards the Chinese people volition worsen and Sino-Japanese relations will deteriorate.

When China came up with the reform and opening-upwards policy after the Cultural Revolution, many Japanese were sincerely pleased and supported China, and made efforts to cooperate with China's economic development at whatever cost.

Japan was the first land in the world to lift the economical sanctions imposed on Communist china by Western nations later the Tian'anmen Incident on 4 June 1989.

Nevertheless, when the Soviet Union collapsed, the normalization of diplomatic ties between China and Japan (1972) became less important, and Red china's economy began to develop, China's friendly stance towards Japan began to change, and Red china began to demand strongly that Japan squarely face its history. As a upshot, the feelings of the Japanese public towards Mainland china worsened, and unless this changes, the Japanese will not leave a favorable impression on their children's children.

This year marks the 40th anniversary of Mao Zedong's death and it also marks the 50th ceremony of the kickoff of the Cultural Revolution.

If Mao Zedong truly created the PRC for the people of Cathay or for the innocent people, why after the creation of the Prc when peace was finally restored and the war had concluded did he drive so many innocent people to their deaths?

Was this non because Mao Zedong's founding philosophy boiled down to ensuring that he himself always reigned supreme?

If he acted "for the people," surely he would not have been able to drive so many innocent people to their death after the creation of the People's republic of china. And during the Sino-Japanese War, he would not have been capable of "acts of treachery confronting the people," leading to the cede of fifty-fifty more soldiers belonging to the KMT forces who were also "Chinese people."

***

In 1948, my family died of starvation in the siege of Changchun where we lived during the civil war between the KMT and the CPC. At the fourth dimension, Changchun was enclosed within two lots of barbed wire and I had the experience of sleeping on starved corpses in the void (Qia-zi) that I crossed to escape from Changchun and losing my retention. I also accept scars from the bullets of the guns of the 8th Route Regular army on my arms. Several hundreds of thousands of people died in Changchun during the siege (all Chinese people except for twenty or 30 Japanese).

Nonetheless I lived my life telling myself that "This is a revolutionary war for a bright, costless future. To be sacrificed for this is an honor and, in the words of Mao Zedong, we will endure it so that more Chinese people can alive in freedom and exist happy."

However, I waited for tens of years, and take non been allowed to publish my book recording the facts of Qia-zi in people's republic of china and liberty of speech is existence restricted more and more. The words Mao Zedong said to the Chinese people at the fourth dimension of the civil war between the KTM and the CPC, telling them that this is for a bright, free future accept also turned out to exist a betrayal.

If it is truly nearly the people, People's republic of china should have the backbone to squarely face the facts, for all those who sacrificed their lives.

I believe that at present is the time for Japan and China to build truly amicable relations based on the truth. By squarely facing its history, Communist china will be in no way showing Nihon's acts of war in a positive lite. That kind of war must never happen again. It is my hope that, on this premise, China squarely faces the evident truth near Mao Zedong and the international community comes to a mutual understanding.

[1] http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world/2015/12/151225_japan_professor_book

Translated from an original article in Japanese written forDiscuss Japan. [10 April 2016]

gillmusto1972.blogspot.com

Source: https://u.osu.edu/mclc/2016/07/02/truth-of-mao-zedongs-collusion-with-the-japanese-army-1/

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